Enamel Hypomineralization

Last Updated on: 27th June 2024, 06:37 pm

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Q.F. Nayibe Cubillos Morales

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Medically Reviewed by

Dr. Gustavo Assatourians D.D.S

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Hypomineralization of enamel, hypomineralization, or incisor-molar hypomineralization (IMH) is a genetic alteration that occurs when teeth are forming during the third trimester of pregnancy, in the primary teeth, or during the first three years of life in permanent teeth. Enamel hypomineralization consists of a decrease in the mineral content of the teeth. 

This can be observed as white or yellowish spots that affect both function and dental aesthetics. The condition can occur after the teeth have erupted from the gums, but the problem is that the teeth are completely unprotected and can easily suffer from cavities, softening, cracks, and fractures.

It is estimated that hypomineralization occurs in 1 in 5 children in their primary or permanent teeth.

 

Why Does Hypomineralization of Enamel Occur?

The causes of hypomineralization are still unclear; however, recent studies show that this condition may be due to genetic predisposition. Other studies show that patients suffering from this condition are affected by external factors such as poor nutrition or excess fluoride at certain times of tooth development. Other factors are:

 Maternal smoking during pregnancy

 Vitamin D deficiency

 Part premature

 Lack of oxygen at birth or respiratory problems during the first years of life

 Fever

 Low birth weight

For a long time, it was believed that the use of antibiotics in the first years of life was a predisposing factor; however, the studies conducted to prove this theory are not conclusive. It is necessary to clarify that this condition is not the result of lifestyle practices such as diet or oral hygiene.

One of the factors that can exacerbate the effects of hypomineralization of enamel is acid exposure from sources like acidic foods, beverages, or stomach acids that lead to enamel erosion.

 

What Does Incisor-molar Hypomineralization Look Like? 

guy with hypomineralization

Hypomineralization usually occurs in the first molars and incisors (hence its name). The appearance of this condition can vary from white to yellowish and brown spots. Hypomineralization lesions are classified as: 

 Light: Colorful defects (white spots) without apparent damage to the structure; generally only the biting surface of the tooth or molar is affected.

 Moderate: In this defect, yellowish or brown spots are observed on the bite surface and the cusps or reliefs of the teeth. These areas are also very susceptible to rupture due to the weakening of their structure. At this point, the tooth is also very susceptible to sensitivity.

 Grave: More extensive brown and/or yellowish spots are observed on the surface of the teeth or molars, and fractures and dental sensitivity are more frequent.

 

Is Hypomineralization of Enamel Painful?

Tooth sensitivity is a common symptom of this condition; however, it is a manageable discomfort depending upon the severity. In the most severe cases, sensitivity can affect eating, drinking hot or cold drinks, or even brushing the teeth.

 

How is Enamel Hypomineralization Diagnosed?

The diagnosis of this condition is made by a dental professional. The right time to do it is once the stains are visible on the teeth, whether temporary or permanent. The examination must be done with the teeth completely clean and moist to observe the severity of the condition. 

At this point, it is common for the dentist to ask for the history of disease in children or the smoking habits of the mother. During pregnancy, it is important to be very honest with the answers so that the diagnosis is correct and adequate treatment can be offered.

Some dental conditions can be very similar to enamel hypomineralization; however, the diagnosis and treatment are different:

Dental Fluorosis 

 Enamel hypoplasia

 Amelogenesis imperfecta

 White spot lesion (start of dental caries)

 Traumatic hypomineralization (associated with blows to the teeth)

It is important to answer all questions asked by the dentist at the time of the examination.

 

Can the Symptoms of Hypomineralization be Controlled?

rinsing with a fluoride mouthwash

The answer to this question is yes. You can control the symptoms while receiving adequate treatment; obviously, the effectiveness will depend upon the severity of the condition. Some tips:

1. Brush your teeth at least twice a day. It is preferable to use toothpastes that contain fluoride, or remineralizing toothpastes; these help prevent cavities and reduce sensitivity.

2. Floss at least once a day.

3. Use a fluoride mouthwash: There are multiple options on the market available over the counter.

4.  Avoid consumption of acidic and/or sugary foods or drinks.

5. Chew sugarless gum after meals and snacks if you can’t brush it right away.

6. Visit the dentist at least every 6 months or sooner if the symptoms become bothersome.

 

How is Incisor-molar Hypomineralization Treated?

steel crown on kid

Incisor-molar hypomineralization can occur in primary and permanent teeth, affecting both tooth function and aesthetics. The treatment of this disease will depend upon the severity. The main concern of patients is dental sensitivity since it can be very painful. Likewise, if hypomineralization occurs in the front teeth, it can affect not only sensitivity but also aesthetics.

The treatment of teeth with hypomineralization of enamel can be a bit complicated since these teeth do not allow the effective adherence of filling materials or sealants, which is why it is very common for dental fillings to fall out.

Steel crowns 

In children, the use of steel crowns is the ideal treatment for temporary molars that suffer from this condition, since it guarantees the tooth is completely covered and is strong enough to prevent fractures.

Extraction 

In cases where enamel hypomineralization is severe and the tooth is severely affected or fractured, the most appropriate option is extraction. This procedure must be done together with orthodontic treatment to close the space left by the molar. 

If the affected tooth is frontal, space must be maintained for a definitive rehabilitation with an implant or ceramic crown.

Fluorine

This is used only in less severe cases as it helps with sensitivity and the remineralization of the teeth.

Hypomineralization cannot be prevented since its origin cannot be determined easily; however, it can help to control it in some cases and improve its appearance. However, it is advisable to visit the dentist at least twice a year and follow all recommendations.

Frequently Asked Questions

What Are the Drawbacks of Tooth Shaving?

Tooth shaving offers temporary results that diminish rapidly, particularly for those who grind their teeth during sleep. Excessive removal of enamel can significantly hasten tooth decay. Additionally, this procedure can lead to increased tooth sensitivity, as well as nerve inflammation and irritation. Any mistakes made during DIY tooth shaving may necessitate professional restorative or cosmetic dental treatments to correct.

Tooth shaving typically involves the removal of small amounts of enamel and is generally low-risk when performed correctly. However, performing this procedure at home or removing too much enamel can lead to complications such as increased tooth sensitivity.

Reducing the enamel through tooth shaving can lead to dental sensitivity and substantial discomfort. Dental professionals use tooth shaving as part of restorative procedures like setting veneers or crowns, ensuring that the amount of enamel removed is carefully controlled. In contrast, DIY tooth shaving lacks such precision and often relies on guesswork, which can result in greater risks and unintended consequences.

It’s important to remember that tooth enamel does not regenerate once it’s removed. Shaving your teeth, especially doing it yourself, can lead to permanent damage. This includes increased pain and sensitivity in your mouth as well as a heightened risk of tooth decay due to the thinning of your enamel.

Tooth shaving can be beneficial, particularly for ensuring a proper fit of Invisalign by alleviating overcrowding. However, there are significant drawbacks to consider. Removing enamel can lead to increased sensitivity to temperature extremes. This procedure can also weaken teeth and heighten the risk of tooth decay. Most critically, it’s important to note that tooth shaving is an irreversible procedure.

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References

1. Ana Sofia Estima da Cunha Coelho, Pedro Carlos Machado Mata, Carolina Alves Lino, Viviana Marisa Pereira Macho, Cristina Maria Ferreira Guimarães Pereira Areias, Ana Paula Mendes Alves Peixoto Norton, Ana Paula Coelho Macedo Augusto. (31 de January de 2019). Obtenido de Journal of esthetic and restorative dentistry: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30284749/

2. Anneli Ahovuo-Saloranta, H.F. (18 de January de 2016).The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Obtenido de Pit and fissure sealants versus fluoride varnishes for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth of children and adolescents: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26780162/

3. C Hoberg, C.K. (April 12, 2021).European archives of paediatric dentistry. Obtenido de Perinatal hypoxia and the risk of severe Molar-Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH): a retrospective analysis of the pH value of umbilical arterial blood after birth: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33844182/

4. Luísa Bandeira Lopes, V. M. (July 1, 2021).Scandinavian dental record. Retrieved from Molar-incisor hypomineralization: an umbrella review: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33524270/

5. Mayara Vitorino Gevert, R. S. (October 26, 2022).Clinical oral investigations. Obtenido de How is the quality of the available evidence on molar-incisor hypomineralization treatment? An overview of systematic reviews: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35790597/

6. N A Lygidakis, E. G. (October 20, 2021).European archives of paediatric dentistry. Obtenido de Best clinical practice guidance for clinicians dealing with children presenting with molar-incisor-hypomineralisation (MIH): an updated European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry policy document: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34669177/

7. Vinícius Krieger Costa Nogueira, I.P. (February 1, 2021).Journal of dentistry. Obtenido de Structural integrity of MIH-affected teeth after treatment with fluoride varnish or resin infiltration: An 18-Month randomized clinical trial: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33385533/

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